Article 1- Muhasaba: The Tradition of Self Accountability Introduction The modern age has left an ethical disequilibrium in its wake. The era we now find ourselves in, of the ‘moralisation’ of Genocide (in the case of Gaza)  of an ethos of cynical nihilism (as embedded within the Global Economy) further coupled with a nefarious drive to attain hedonistic satiation (explicated through the Adult Industry and the recent scandalous Epstein Files); is all indicative of a Post Modern tendency...

This research challenges the universal application of Westphalian legitimacy. Using Syria as a case study, it shows how external notions of sovereignty clash with internal consent. From Ottoman rule to the Ba’athists and the recent regime shift, Syria illustrates how Realpolitik overrides popular will. The study argues for a global order that respects grassroots self-determination over imposed political models.

Introduction The Trojan Horse Scandal was a letter sent to Birmingham City Council in 2013, highlighting five stages for an alleged plot to take over schools in Birmingham, to ‘Islamise’ them. Scribbled and sporadic, it was apparently found amongst some papers that an employee saw within her boss’s boxes. The Council didn’t seem to take it seriously at first, believing it to be without substance. Until it was leaked to the media, that is... In the early months of 2014, this letter was...