This research challenges the universal application of Westphalian legitimacy. Using Syria as a case study, it shows how external notions of sovereignty clash with internal consent. From Ottoman rule to the Ba’athists and the recent regime shift, Syria illustrates how Realpolitik overrides popular will. The study argues for a global order that respects grassroots self-determination over imposed political models.

Introduction The Trojan Horse Scandal was a letter sent to Birmingham City Council in 2013, highlighting five stages for an alleged plot...

"Palestine at the Eleventh Hour" examines why recent Western recognition of Palestinian statehood is a hollow gesture amid ongoing genocide. The article contrasts Palestine’s historical claim to statehood, rooted in self-determination and Ottoman governance, with Israel’s contested legitimacy. It argues that without military intervention and accountability for war crimes, recognition remains symbolic, failing to stop Gaza’s destruction.